Robert WALSH

v.

NATIONAL SAFETY ASSOCIATES, INC.

No. CV 940370545.

Superior Court of Connecticut.

Feb. 9, 1996.

MEMORANDUM OF DECISION RE: MOTION FOR CERTIFICATION AS A CLASS ACTION

BARNETT, Judge.

*1 This case is an action brought under the Unfair Trade Practice Act (CUTPA), ss 42-110a--42-110g and the Contingent Transaction Statutes, ss 42- 144--42-150. At present, the court must decide whether or not to grant the plaintiff's motion for certification as a class action. The case was removed to and has been returned from the United States District Court. The motion for certification was made initially while the case was in the federal system. At the request of this court the motion was filed again after the case was returned.

The requisites for a class action are set forth in Practice Book s 87. The class must be so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable. There must be questions of law or fact common to the class. The claims or defenses of the representative party must be typical of the claims or defenses of the class. And the representative party must be one who will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class.

In addition to the foregoing requirements, a movant for certification as a class action has to satisfy the provisions of Practice Book s 88. The questions of law or fact common to members of the class must predominate over any questions affecting only individual members and a class action has to be found to be superior to other available methods for the fair and efficient adjudication of the controversy.

Practice Book ss 87 and 88 are substantially similar to the language of Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure so that federal decisions provide aid in determining whether the requirements for a Connecticut class action have been proven. Arduini v. Automobile Ins. Co. of Hartford, 23 Conn.App. 585, 589 (1990). The plaintiff's burden of establishing each requirement has been described as heavy although, if the elements are present, the decision of whether or not to certify is essentially a discretionary matter. Id. at 589-90 citing Califano v. Yamasaki, 442 U.S. 682, 703, 99 S.Ct. 2545, 61 L.Ed 2d 176 (1979).

I.

From the evidence that was produced at the hearing including reasonable inferences deduced therefrom, the following facts relevant to the issue of certification are found to have been established.

The plaintiff Robert Walsh is a lifelong resident of Connecticut. He has been and presently is again a truck driver. While out of work in March, 1991, he became interested in becoming an NSA dealer after reading a newspaper advertisement. NSA is the acronym for the defendant National Safety Associates, Inc., a corporation that manufactures air and water treatment devices and markets them throughout the United States and in Canada and Europe. The method of marketing is through a multilevel sales force of independent distributors and dealers. The defendant, itself, does not sell its products directly to the general public.

As a result of the newspaper advertisement, the plaintiff went to a specific address in Enfield. The location consisted of several rooms including a room where prospects were greeted, an auditorium for meetings, lectures and training sessions and, in between the two, a room with desks, telephones and answering machines. There were many telephones. The plaintiff estimated thirty to forty.

*2 On March 12, 1991, at the Enfield suite, talks were given to the plaintiff and about seventy to eighty other prospective dealers by David Scott, Chris Fluet and two other speakers. The presentations lasted for at least a couple of hours. All the speakers represented that success as a dealer would be easy. Scott said that 50% of prospective customers would become purchasers of the defendant's water filters.

Another part of the presentation was showing a video entitled "Living The Dream II." This video was produced by Dreams Unlimited, Inc. for the defendant. At the beginning of the video, the following disclaimer appears: "The incomes represented on this tape are above NSA incomes. There is no guarantee that an NSA distributor will earn any income whatsoever. The income, if any, of each distributor is solely based upon the personal efforts and abilities of the individual participant in the NSA program." The film then portrays an NSA convention in Las Vegas, Nevada, where people from various states describe their successes and give the amounts of their very sizeable earnings. Also mentioned in the film is the award given to the defendant for being the top direct sales company by the City of Memphis, Tennessee and the defendant's favorable rating by Dun and Bradstreet. An auspicious future for the defendant's products is predicted. The "Stair-steps of Opportunity," a sales hierarchy is discussed. The video ends with further testimonials from highly successful NSA distributors.

Another aspect of the presentation was the importance of the "downline." The "downline" can be described as an extended sales group. In the defendant's set-up, a dealer or distributor earns a percentage of the purchases of the defendant's products that are made by persons he or she has recruited. These persons, in a table of organization, are below the recruiting dealer; hence the nomenclature "downline." Conversely the person who recruits the dealer receives a percentage of the value of the purchases made by the dealer and the dealer's downline. Such a person is termed the dealer's "upline."

The plaintiff signed up as a dealer and paid the $25.00 application fee on March 12, 1991 after listening to David Scott, Chris Fluet and the other speakers. When he signed his application, the plaintiff was aware that in distributing the defendant's products, Scott and Fluet were independent contractors but he was uncertain as to what that relationship meant. On the reverse side of the plaintiff's application appear printed statements that the dealer's relationship to the defendant is that of an independent contractor and that the dealer is not authorized to bind the defendant or to incur any obligation on behalf of the defendant. Similar statements concerning the dealer's sponsor and direct distributor also appear on the reverse side. On the front side of the application, however, there is the following felicitous message: "Congratulations and welcome to National Safety Associates, Inc.! We are proud to have you as a member of our team and wish you the best for your future with our company. Our Home Office Staff stands ready to assist you in a variety of areas should you need it. Our number is 901-366-9288."

*3 The application form has the title "NSA Independent Dealer/Distributor application." In addition to information about the applicant, the form also has spaces for the names, social security numbers and signatures of the plaintiff's sponsor and the direct distributor in whose downline the plaintiff would be. David Haze was the sponsor and Chris Fluet was the direct distributor who, according to the application, had the responsibility of placing the plaintiff's orders and paying him his rebates.

When the plaintiff became a dealer on March 12, 1991, he was given a pamphlet entitled "NSA Profit and Incentive" in which purchase volume credits are described and the defendant's "Stairsteps of Opportunity" are explained. Basically each step represents a different quantity level of items purchased from the defendant. Six steps exist on the hypothetical stairs: dealer, direct distributor, car qualified direct distributor, sales coordinator, 5th Dimension--Sales Coordinator and National Marketing Director. The more that a dealer and his downline purchase, the higher the dealer and his upline climb on the stairs. In the presentations that were made to the plaintiff and other recruits, the "Stairsteps of Opportunity," as heretofore noted, were included and "NSA Profit and Incentive" was handed out to all new dealers recruited through the Enfield Office.

About one week after the plaintiff had become a dealer, he received his dealer kit. The kit contained the General Information Manual in which appear a copy of the front side of the application form, a much more complete set of rules known as form # 95312 then is on the reverse side of the application forms, suggestions for ordering and selling merchandise, explanations of rebates and credits, descriptions of products and a section on customer service, warranty and product replacement. The type of information contained in the manual which was not available on March 12, 1991 when the plaintiff became a dealer makes his sponsor's representation on the application that the sales program was explained in its entirety highly unlikely. The absence of a manual on March 12, 1991 also means that the plaintiff's statement on the application that he had read form # 955312 (the "Rules") was probably incorrect.

Other items in the Dealer's kit were a pamphlet entitled "The Key to Your Future," a one page (front and back) document describing the opportunities given to an NSA dealer because of rebates and downline possibilities and on the other side a recitation of a selling situation in which a product is demonstrated for the customer before the actual sale, a small card outlining ten steps to the consummation of a sale and a video tape. The items in the plaintiff's dealer kit were included in all dealers kits. A new dealer is expected to order a kit although technically he or she is not obligated to do so. "The Key to Your Future" is a pamphlet that is divided into seven segments dealing with "Our Product," "Our Place," "Our Prospects and Publication," "Our Presentation," "Our Program," "Our People," and "Our Potential." The "Our Product" section emphasizes the superiority of the defendant's water and air cleaning devices over chlorinated drinking water and polluted air. "Our Place" is a description of the defendant's headquarters in Tennessee. In "Our Prospects and Publication," the defendant's magazine for dealers, "Success Express" is lauded as is also a publication referred to as a "Memory Jogger and Prospect Guide" which helps a dealer to recall people who would make good direct sales prospects. The recommended sales approach is the subject of "Our Presentation." The defendant's method is a two-call trial-use presentation. In the first house call, the product is demonstrated and then the product is left so the prospective customer can use it before the salesperson returns. In "Our Program" the rebate for purchases and the direct sale are described. To advance, on the Stairsteps, and secure extra bonuses, however, the dealer/direct distributor is advised to build his/her own sales organization--a downline. "Our People" introduces people connected with the defendant's management. "Our Potential" advises that the defendant's products are needed because everyone drinks water and everyone breathes.

*4 The videotape was produced and copyrighted by the defendant and shown to dealers and included in dealer's kits in 1991. In the video the representation is made that the income of a dealer/distributor could increase to several thousands of dollars per month. Rex Allen of Walt Disney fame is the narrator of the film and Jay Martin, the defendant's president appears in it and suggests that forty sales per month is realistic especially if downliners are involved. The plaintiff watched the videotape on the same day that he received it.

The plaintiff attended one or two training sessions per day for about five or six days in a week. The representations that were made before he became a dealer continued to be made. In 1991 three kinds of meetings were permitted in the defendant's program: national meetings sponsored and paid for the defendant by; regional school meetings put on by regional leaders but underwritten by the defendant and local meetings where one or more distributors would sponsor and pay for sessions to present the company, the product, the marketing plan for selling the product and the opportunity to advance through the building of a sales organization. The lectures that the plaintiff attended on March 12, 1991 and the sessions that he attended after he became a dealer were local meetings organized and held by David Scott.

Subsequently, the plaintiff and other new dealers were assigned to answer telephone calls at the Enfield office and to respond to calls that were recorded on an answering machine. The callers were persons who, like the plaintiff had read the recruitment advertisements in the newspaper. The plaintiff and the other new dealers were given instructions as to how the calls should be answered and a script to use. One instruction that was given and seemingly borne out by the script was to avoid mentioning the defendant's name and instead describe the company as a national marketing concern that was growing in the area. The script has questions about the caller's ability to train and manage people. The objective was to encourage people to come to the Enfield Office to speak with David Scott. The plaintiff answered telephone calls for about six hours per day on most days of the week. At the bottom of the script appears the name Worldwide Marketing Seminars, Inc. No connection between the defendant and Worldwide Marketing Seminars, Inc. was established.

On March 27, 1991, the plaintiff purchased water filters and other merchandise of the defendant for approximately $5,000.00. The defendant had offered on incentive whereby a purchase of $5,000.00 advanced the purchaser from dealer to direct distributor on the Stairsteps of Opportunity. As a direct distributor, the plaintiff became entitled to an increased rebate and to a performance bonus. Acceptance of the defendant's offer was urged upon the plaintiff and other new dealers by David Scott, Chris Fluet and others at the Enfield office who had assisted in recruiting them. The invoices for this transaction recited that the merchandise was shipped to the plaintiff but sold to Chris Fluet the plaintiff's direct distributor and consequently a member of his "upline" who profited from the defendant's purchases. On this purchase, the plaintiff received a $500.00 credit and a rebate of $20.00.

*5 In the evenings, the plaintiff tried to make direct sales. Of the merchandise he purchased, the plaintiff was able to see only about $250.00 worth despite use of the methods supplied by the defendant. The unsold merchandise is languishing in the plaintiff's basement.

In an effort to recruit a "downline," the plaintiff placed on advertisement in a newspaper that was a duplicate of the advertisement that had attracted him. The plaintiff thought that the advertisement was deceptive in that it led people to believe that specific jobs were available when in fact it was only to get them to come to recruitment meetings. People responded to the plaintiff's advertisement. Some came to a meeting, signed applications and paid the $25.00 fee. These acts made them members of the plaintiff's "downline" but then they dropped out and he never heard from them. The plaintiff attempted to recruit his brother-in-law who became disinterested after one visit to the Enfield office.

Before placing his advertisement in the newspaper, the plaintiff had read the "Rules For Operation of An NSA Dealership" which appears on page 3 of the General Information Manual. There appears to be nothing in these "Rules" that made the Enfield office anything less than a legitimately run operation although from the testimony of Robert Brewster it appears that other dealerships may be run somewhat differently.

Prior to April, 1993, the State of Connecticut had joined with nine other states in looking into the defendant's distribution system and its representations to dealers and prospective dealers. Complaints had been filed with the Department of Consumer Protection and had been made to the media. As of April, 1993, there were approximately 1550 people, either Connecticut residents or persons with Connecticut addresses, who had become NSA dealers and paid the $25.00 application fee.

On April 9, 1993, the State filed its complaint, dated April 8, 1993 and returnable on April 27, 1993, in the Superior Court for the Judicial District of Hartford/New Britain at Hartford. The complaint alleged violations by the defendant of ss 42-110b(a) and 42-145 respecting unfair or deceptive acts or practices and illegal pyramid schemes. The relief sought included orders for restitution, imposition of civil penalties and permanent injunctions prohibiting the defendant and anyone acting for or in concert with the defendant from committing unfair or deceptive acts or practices in connection with the sale, offering for sale, promotion or distribution of NSA's products or participating in or assisting others to participate in any contingent transaction scheme. The complaint was filed at the request of the Commissioner of Consumer Protection.

Very shortly after the complaint was filed, the State and the defendant entered into a consent judgment. Although the defendant denied any wrongdoing, the judgment enjoined the defendant from certain acts or practices including inter alia, deceptive and misleading statements concerning income levels of dealers, closing ratios for sales and product information and tests. The judgment also obligated the defendant to buy at varying prices items offered for repurchase by cancelling dealers whose application fees would be refunded and who, in exchange, would release the defendant from all claims relating to their solicitation into or experience in the NSA distribution program. Finally, the consent judgment required the defendant to adopt a sales verification program regarding sales to ultimate consumers and a registration and regulatory system for the governance of its dealers and distributors.

*6 In the suit brought by the State, participants in the defendant's distribution program were permitted to become parties by affirmatively taking advantage of the judgment's provisions for the repurchase of items previously sold and the refund of application fees. Of the 1550 known participants, only 275 persons opted to participate in the judgment leaving 1275 persons as a potential class. The plaintiff did not join the State's suit because its "buy- back" provisions would have given him less than one-half of the amount he had invested in the defendant's products. According to the defendant's records, the plaintiff still owes $500.00 for products purchased.

At present there are no claims or suits against the defendant in Connecticut except this one instituted by the plaintiff. There are, however, some pending suits in other jurisdictions. Class action status has been denied for suits in the federal court for the Northern District of Illinois and in a New Jersey state court. The question is pending in a suit known as Flynn v. NSA, in the federal court for the Western District of Tennessee where the claim is that a nationwide class exists.

The defendant is not authorized to conduct business in Connecticut. Chris Fluet who was the plaintiff's direct distributor has not been involved in the defendant's distribution scheme since June, 1991. David Scott, the head of the Enfield office, severed connections with the defendant in August, 1991.

Robert Brewster a successful Connecticut NSA distributor who is a National Marketing Director, the top step in the "Stairsteps of Opportunity" testified that certification of this case as a class action would have an adverse impact as to him. Brewster's reasoning was that his part-time dealers would not understand the nature of the class action. In Brewster's opinion, a class action would affect his and the defendant's credibility in dealing with his "downline."

In the spring of 1992, the defendant changed its marketing plan. Now it is easier to become a direct distributor as only $2,000.00 of merchandise, rather than $5,000.00, has to be purchased. The defendant also, as of 1992, has a buyback program for its dealers.

II.

Before a determination is made whether the plaintiff has established his claim for class action status, some preliminary matters should be discussed. When considering the propriety of a class action, the question is only whether the requirements set forth in the rules have been met and not whether the moving party has stated a cause of action or will prevail in the end. Eisen v. Carlisle & Jacqueline, 417 U.S. 156, 178, 94 S.Ct. 2140, 40 L. Ed 2d 732 (1974); Reddit v. Mississippi Extended Care Centers, Inc., 718 F.2d 1381, 1388 (1983); See Campbell v. New Milford Board of Education, 36 Conn.Sup. 357, 360 (1980). On the other hand, in deciding whether Practice Book ss 87 and 88 have been satisfied it has been necessary to examine the substantive claims and defenses asserted. It bears emphasis, however, that there is a distinction between identifying issues that the case will present for the purpose of deciding if class action status is warranted and deciding those issues on their merits. Cook v. Rockwell International Corp., 151 F.R.D. 378, 381 (D.Colo.1993).

*7 In deciding whether a case qualifies as a class action, the federal courts have added two implied conditions to those expressly stated in Rule 23. There must be a class and the class representative must be a member of that class. Christman v. American Cyanamid Co., 92 F.R.D. 441, 446, 450 (N.D.W.Va.1981). In the opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States, the two implied conditions are subsumed in the following language: "... [a] class representative must be a part of the class and 'possess the same interest and suffer the same injury' as the class members." General Telephone Company of Southwest v. Falcon, 457 U.S. 147, 156, 102 S.Ct. 2364, F.2 L.Ed.2d 740 (1982); East Texas Motor Freight System, Inc. v. Rodriguez, 431 U.S. 395, 403, 97 S.Ct. 1891, 52 L.Ed 2d 453 (1977).

The plaintiff's motion for certification in this court dated November 3, 1995 defines the proposed class as "that class of individuals in Connecticut who responded to defendant's advertisements and became NSA dealers and/or distributors and who have not accepted the terms of the settlement entered into between defendant and the Attorney General of the state of Connecticut in State of Connecticut v. National Safety Associates Inc., Docket No. 523694, Judicial District of Hartford/New Britain." At the hearing, the defendant contended that any wrong done to the plaintiff was caused by independent contractors. The court's finding in this regard is that the plaintiff knew, when he signed the application form, that David Scott and Chris Fluet were independent contractors but was uncertain as to what that relationship meant. A claim that the defendant is shielded from liability because of an independent contractual set-up with its dealers is clearly a defense on the merits and, at this point, irrelevant to the issues. See Crowley v. The Banking Center, 6 Conn. L. Rptr. 134, 136 (1992).

Moreover the language in the plaintiff's amended complaint dated August 23, 1995 is that persons were recruited to become NSA dealers by the defendant, its employees, agents and servants. The court is able to redefine the class designation to further the utilization of the class action procedure. Dolgow v. Anderson, 43 F.R.D. 472, 492 (E.D.N.Y.1968) rev'd. other grounds 438 F.2d 825 (2d Cir.1971); 7A Wright, Miller & Kane, Federal Practice & Procedure s 1759 (p. 111). The terms agent and independent contractor are not necessarily mutually exclusive. Loque v. United States, 412 U.S. 524, 527 & n. (quoting Restatement (Second) of Agency s 2(3) (1958)) 93 S.Ct. 2214, 37 L. Ed 2d (2) (1973). The definition of the plaintiff's proposed class is therefore amended so that it shall read "that class of individuals in Connecticut who responded to advertisements of the defendant, its employees, servants or agents ..."

A class is deemed to exist if the general outlines of its membership are determinable at the outset of the litigation. Cook v. Rockwell International Corp., supra at 382. Such is the situation here. Not only are the general outlines of membership known, the names and addresses of the specific individuals who could be affected or most of them are also known. The defendant has given the plaintiff a list of NSA affiliated persons who have not "opted-in" to participate in the settlement provisions of the consent judgment obtained by the Attorney General. The plaintiff's membership in the class is evident from the court's finding of facts.

III.

*8 In addition to Practice Book ss 87 and 88, General Statutes s 42-110g(b) allows CUTPA plaintiffs to bring class actions on behalf of themselves and others similarly situated pursuant to rules established by the judges of the Superior Court. This means, of course, that even though the plaintiff's motion for certification has a statutory source, it is the judge-made Practice Book rules that are controlling. The four requisites specified in Practice Book s 87 and Rule 23 are usually identified by the shorthand names of numerosity, commonality, typicality and adequacy. Feinstein v. Firestone Tire and Rubber Co., 535 F.Supp. 595, 600 (S.D.N.Y.1982).

There is no magic number for determining whether in a particular case joinder of all putative parties will be impracticable. Arduini v. Automobile Ins. Co. of Hartford, supra at 590; Campbell v. New Milford Board of Education, supra at 360. The issue is one to be resolved in light of the facts and circumstances of the case. The plaintiff must show some evidence or a reasonable estimate of the number of class members. Campbell, supra at 361.

The plaintiff's evidence is that the class consists of approximately 1275 people. Robert Brewster testified that he, his wife and perhaps his downline would be adverse to bringing claims against the defendant. At this juncture, Brewster's estimate of nonadversity by a number of dealers is unimportant because it does not establish that most of the potential class members have no claims to be asserted by the class representative. Cook v. Rockwell International Corp., supra at 384. Brewster did not say how many people were in his downline other than to comment that a few of them were on the list that was given to the plaintiff. There is, therefore, no definitive number to subtract from 1275. Even if that number were reduced by half a joinder of all parties--plaintiff would be impracticable. Accordingly, the plaintiff has satisfied the numerosity requirement of Practice Book s 87.

Commonality, the second requirement, does not mean that there must be a complete identity of legal and factual issues among all class members. Rather, it only requires that some common questions exist not even that such questions predominate. Campbell v. New Milford Board of Education, supra at 362. The most that commonality needs is the same legal or remedial theory for the class claim. Johns v. DeLeonardis, 145 F.R.D. 480, 483 (N.D.Ill.1992).

At least two questions common to the class are suggested by the plaintiff: (1) whether the actions of the defendants or its employees, servants or agents in persuading people to become NSA dealers constituted unfair or deceptive acts or practices in the conduct of trade or commerce; (2) whether the rebate scheme in the defendant's Stairsteps of Opportunity is a contingent transaction made illegal by General Statutes s 42-145. See State of Connecticut v. Bull Investment Group, Inc., 32 Conn.Sup. 279, 284-88 (1974).

*9 It may be that if the common questions are proven, differing amounts of damages will be claimed among the class members. Such a scenario of individual questions remaining after common questions have been resolved does not mean that certification should be denied or the ground that commonality is absent. Cook v. Rockwell International Corp., supra at 385.

The third requirement, typicality, is in many respects similar to commonality. Typicality is satisfied when the representative party's claim "arises out of the same event or practice that gives rise to the claims of the class members and is based on the same legal or remedial theory." Campbell v. New Milford Board of Education, supra at 365.

The claims of the plaintiff and the class he seeks to represent involve the program for which he and they were recruited and the method by which the recruitment was accomplished. Some factual differences have appeared. For example, the court has found that no connection was proven between the defendant and Worldwide Marketing Seminars, Inc. the author of the telephone script used at the Enfield office. The court also finds that Richard Waak, the defendant's general counsel, testified that the defendant had never authorized or approved a standardized script or method of recruiting. Also, according to Robert Brewster, some of the material utilized at the Enfield office was not used by him before applicants signed on as dealers.

In the court's view, the differences that were shown are insufficient to detract from what has been presented as a comprehensive recruitment and marketing scheme. Typicality is satisfied where, as in this case, there is a connection between the claims of the class representative and the common questions of fact or law that unite the class. Cook v. Rockwell International Corp., supra at 385. The representatives' claims are only required to be typical of, not identical with the claims of other class members. "When the claim arises out of the same legal or remedial theory, the presence of factual variations is normally not sufficient to preclude class action treatment." Carpenters Local 899 v. Phoenix Associates, 152 F.R.D. 518, 522 (S.D.W.Va.1994).

Adequacy, the fourth and final requirement of Practice Book 87 is measured by two standards. First, the attorney for the class must be qualified, experienced and generally able to conduct the litigation. Second, the class members should not have interests that are antagonistic to one another. In re Drexel Burnham Lambert Group, Inc., 960 F.2d 285, 291 (2d Cir.1992). The issue of whether the plaintiff and his attorney will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class has due process ramifications. As expressed by one court, "[t]he potential res judicata, or at least collateral estoppel effect of any judgment in the [class] action makes it imperative that the absent members on whom it works will not be deprived of their day in court." Harriss v. Pan American World Airways, Inc., 74 F.R.D. 24, 43 (N.D.Ca.1977). Our Supreme Court in Barrett v. Southern Connecticut Gas Co., 172 Conn. 362, 373 (1977), a derivative shareholders' action, noted that in a representative suit the judgment would operate as res judicata only on those unnamed parties whose interests had been adequately protected. See also Campbell v. New Milford Board of Education, supra at 366-67; Governors Grove Condominium Assn., Inc. v. Hill Development Corp., 35 Conn.Sup. 199, 202 (1979).

*10 The defendant has no objection to the plaintiff's attorney as counsel for the class if the case is certified. For a variety of reasons, however, strong objections are made to the plaintiff as a representative party. These objections go to the scope, nature and extent of the plaintiff's NSA experience. The defendant contends that the plaintiff's dealings with two independent contractors in one office for a few months is too limited to be the representative party or that the plaintiff's interest is antagonistic to the welfare of the putative class in that he placed an advertisement in a newspaper that was almost identical to the advertisement he now complains was deceptive or that the plaintiff's interest is antagonistic to the rest of the putative class because in the dealer application form that he signed he agreed to abide by the "Rules for Operation of an NSA Dealership" and to indemnify and hold the defendant harmless from any claims arising from his breach of the rules. The defendant also contends that the plaintiff cannot be the class representative and that the case should not be certified as a class action because of reliance upon primarily oral representations.

With each of these propositions, the court disagrees. Previously mentioned was the kinship existing between the requirements of commonality and typicality. Not only do commonality and typicality tend to come together, they also tend to merge with the adequacy of representation requirement. Avagliano v. Sumitomo Shoji America, Inc., 103 F.F.D. 562, 583 (S.D.N.Y.1984). The signing of the dealer application form does not place the plaintiff in an adverse position since the same form would have been signed by all class members. If the plaintiff's newspaper advertisement becomes a problem, the court, at a later date, can replace him with another representative party or add other more typical class representatives or form subclasses. In re Lilco Securities Litigation, 111 F.R.D. 663, 673 (E.D.N.Y.1986). Although actions based substantially on oral rather than written representations have generally been considered as inappropriate for class action treatment, Seiler v. E.F. Hutton & Co., Inc., 102 F.R.D. 880, 888 (D.N.J.1984), the oral representations in this case were part of a presentation in which written and videotaped material prepared by or for the defendant was shown to new dealers and prospective new dealers. Under such circumstances, class action treatment is proper. Rishcoff v. Commodity Fluctuations Systems, Inc., 111 F.R.D. 381, 384 (1986).

A class representative has the responsibility of pursuing a resolution of the case for the benefit of the class. Avagliano v. Sumitomo Shoji America, Inc., supra at 583. But the class representative is not required to be a legal expert, Trautz v. Weisman, 846 F.Supp. 1160, 1168 (1994), nor even a sophisticated person. Surowitz v. Hilton Hotel Corp., 383 U.S. 363, 366, 86 S.Ct. 845, 15 L.Ed.2d 807 (1966); Heastie v. Community Bank of Greater Peoria, 125 F.R.D. 669, 676-77 (1989). All that is necessary is that the representative party have some minimal level of interest in the case, familiarity with the challenged practices and an ability to assist in decision- making in the conduct of the litigation. Diduck v. Kraszycki & Sons Contractors, Inc., 149 F.R.D. 55, 59-60 (S.D.N.Y.1993). The plaintiff was shown to possess these attributes. The court notes that the defendants' attacks on the plaintiff's suitability do not mention his financial resources. See Trautz v. Weisman, supra at 1167.

IV.

*11 Having concluded that all four requirements of Practice Book s 87 have been satisfied, the court must decide whether the same situation exists with respect to the two components of Practice Book s 88; predominance and the superiority of a class action over other methods of adjudication. Predominance is a stricter test than previously discussed commonality. It requires not only that questions common to the class exist but also that they predominate over issues that would only relate to individual members. Campbell v. New Milford Board of Education, supra at 368; Sollenbarger v. Mountain States Tel. & Tel. Co., 121 F.R.D. 417, 423 (1988). As a criterion, however, predominance is applied in a pragmatic sense. When common questions represent a significant aspect of a case so that they can be resolved for all class member sin a single suit predominance exists. McClendon v. Continental Group Inc., 113 F.R.D. 39, 43-44 (D.N.J.1986); 7A Wright, Miller & Kane, op. cit. s 1778 (p. 528).

Previously discussed was the existence of two common questions, namely: whether the actions of the defendants or its employees, servants or agents in persuading people to become NSA dealers constituted unfair or deceptive acts or practices in the conduct of trade or commerce and whether the rebate scheme in the defendants Stairsteps of Opportunity is a contingent transaction made illegal by General Statutes s 42-145. These questions are controlling in the litigation. At this juncture, the individual questions would appear to involve only specific damage amounts. Predominance has, therefore, been established.

Since common issues have been found to predominate, a class action appears to be the most expeditious way to resolve the litigation. Campbell v. New Milford Board of Education, supra at 370, contains a list, taken from a federal case, of reasons why the class action procedure would be preferable. The reasons, as applicable to the instant state suit are as follows: (1) the alleged economic injuries to many proposed class members may be too minuscule to justify their independent commencement of actions--the plaintiff is seeking $5,000.00 damages; other class members may be entitled to less; (2) a class action would prevent other law suits eliminating duplicative efforts by litigants and the judiciary along with duplicative costs and fees; (3) inconsistent judicial decisions may be avoided.

Alternatively, the class appears to be too numerous for an effective joinder pursuant to Practice Book s 85 and General Statutes ss 52-101, 52-102. Joinder in the form of voluntary opting-in was tried in State of Connecticut v. National Safety Associates, Inc. with less than desired results. Aside from joinder, there appears to be no way to proceed in multiparty litigation except by a class action. The other alternative mentioned in Campbell, supra at 371, is the "test case" approach adopted by the Third Circuit in Katz v. Carte Blanche Corp., 496 F.2d 747 (3d Cir.), cert. denied 419 U.S. 885, 95 S.Ct. 152, 42 L.Ed.2d 125 (1974), whereby the class was certified and the class action stayed while one litigant went forward on the issue of liability. The decision contains several dissents and the court doubts that it comports with Connecticut procedure. General Statutes s 52-105 (Numerous parties may be represented by one) has been construed as permitting a class action. Jones v. Foote, 165 Conn. 516, 520 (1973).

*12 The court concludes that both aspects of Practice Book s 88 have been established. But because the defendant's brief mentions persons who allegedly have settled with NSA apart from the persons who joined as parties in State of Connecticut v. National Security Associates, Inc., supra, some further refinement of the designated class will be necessary as shown in Section VI, infra.

V.

Finally, the defendant's suggestion that the plaintiff is disqualified from being the class representative because his claim is barred by the three year statute of limitations must be discussed. Under Connecticut procedure, Practice Book s 164, the statute of limitations is a special defense. An inquiry into a claimed affirmative defense such as the statute of limitations is held by the federal courts to be an impermissible intrusion into the class certification analysis required by Rule 23. Cook v. Rockwell International Corp., supra at 386; Rishcoff v. Commodity Fluctuations Systems, Inc., supra at 382. The same analogy should apply to a class action suit brought in the state system.

VI.

The class is certified in the following terms: That class of persons in Connecticut who responded to advertisements of the defendant, its employees, servants or agents and who have not accepted the terms of settlement entered into between the Attorney General of the State of Connecticut and National Safety Associates, Inc. in a case known as State of Connecticut v. National Associates, Inc., Docket No. 523694, Judicial District of Hartford/New Britain, or otherwise released National Safety Associates, Inc. and withdrawn from its distribution system.

Notice of the class action action suit shall be given by registered or certified mail return receipt requested to every class member for whom an address is known. In addition notice by publication shall be placed once in a daily newspaper published in Stamford, Bridgeport, New Haven, Waterbury, Middletown, New London, Norwich, Willimantic, Hartford and Torrington.

The notice shall advise each class member that (1) the court will exclude a member from the class if the member so requests by a specified date; the judgment, whether favorable or not, will include all members who do not request to be excluded and (3) any member who does not request to be excluded may, if the member desires, enter an appearance through counsel.

Counsel for the plaintiff shall prepare the notice and submit it to counsel for the defendant and the court on or before March 4, 1996. If counsel for the defendant desires to be heard on any item in the notice he shall arrange with the clerk for a hearing on either March 11 or March 18, 1996.

The court's decision to grant class action status is tentative in the sense that if, at any time, it appears that the representation is inadequate to protect fairly the interests of absent class members, a decertification may be ordered as provided in Practice Book s 90.